“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
“Endowed by their Creator”. It is easy to become ensnarled in the semantics of this phrase, and many have been so. It has been cited to prove that the Founders, usually meaning Thomas Jefferson and the other contributors to the Declaration of Independence, were devout Christians and wrote from such a perspective. I have also heard it cited to prove they were Deists rather than traditional Christians, as well as any number of other, less orthodox beliefs.
To my mind, the Declaration of Independence ranks amongst the greatest documents in world history. It is a document that can be read several different ways and each of the ways would be correct. It was at once a challenge, boldly made to one of the most powerful monarchs in the world, and a statement of intent, and a rationale. It also laid the groundwork for a new way, or at least a renewed way, of structuring a government that ruled from the bottom up rather than from the top down.
Last, but in no way least, it was a call for support, a plea to all the people of the American colonies. These men we now name “The Founders”,needed to gather as much support as possible from every corner of the settled lands to have any hope of succeeding. To that end the Declaration was written in such a way as to also serve as call to arms. It stated clearly the intended course of action, gave the reasoning behind the decision to act, and provided at least some hints at the type of government to be formed in the new country.
The most important of these foundational principles was the idea that all persons had certain rights, and that they held these rights from the very beginnings of human existence. These rights pre-existed any human authority, be it king or priest or warlord, and as such, any government must first proclaim and protect these rights before all else. To deny or apportion or curtail these rights was nothing less than tyranny.
When they described these rights as having been “endowed by their Creator”, they were telling the king that he had no legitimate authority to grant or withhold them. At the same time they were saying to the people, from the aristocrats to the peasants, that all of them and each of them had these rights as birth-rights, not to be denied. “Endowed by their Creator” was language that anyone could understand and allowed them to each see their own God behind the words. It put these rights into a class unassailable by mortal men and proved the wickedness of those who tried to take them away. The specific religious beliefs of the writers, or the readers, was less important than the broader idea that there are powers beyond human understanding through which humanity has been individually invested with these certain rights.
Life. Liberty, The pursuit of happiness. These are the underpinnings of what it means to be a human being, Fueled by free will, they are what separates humans from mere self-perpetuating biology. The protection and perpetuation of these rights is what separates legitimate governance from tyranny and despotism. It separates those who want to lead from those who want to rule.